NAME

SYNOPSIS

#include <search.h>

void *tsearch(const void *key, void **rootp,
                int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));

void *tfind(const void *key, const void **rootp,
                int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));

void *tdelete(const void *key, void **rootp,
                int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));

void twalk(const void *root, void (*action)(const void *nodep,
                                   const VISIT which,
                                   const int depth));

#define _GNU_SOURCE


#include <search.h>

void tdestroy(void *root, void (*free_node)(void *nodep));

DESCRIPTION

tsearch() searches the tree for an item. key points to the item to be searched for. rootp points to a variable which points to the root of the tree. If the tree is empty, then the variable that rootp points to should be set to NULL. If the item is found in the tree, then tsearch() returns a pointer to it. If it is not found, then tsearch() adds it, and returns a pointer to the newly added item.

tfind() is like tsearch(), except that if the item is not found, then tfind() returns NULL.

tdelete() deletes an item from the tree. Its arguments are the same as for tsearch().

twalk() performs depth-first, left-to-right traversal of a binary tree. root points to the starting node for the traversal. If that node is not the root, then only part of the tree will be visited. twalk() calls the user function action each time a node is visited (that is, three times for an internal node, and once for a leaf). action, in turn, takes three arguments. The first is a pointer to the node being visited. The second is an integer which takes on the values preorder, postorder, and endorder depending on whether this is the first, second, or third visit to the internal node, or leaf if it is the single visit to a leaf node. (These symbols are defined in <search.h>.) The third argument is the depth of the node, with zero being the root.

(More commonly, preorder, postorder, and endorder are known as preorder, inorder, and postorder: before visiting the children, after the first and before the second, and after visiting the children. Thus, the choice of name postorder is rather confusing.)

tdestroy() removes the whole tree pointed to by root, freeing all resources allocated by the tsearch() function. For the data in each tree node the function free_node is called. The pointer to the data is passed as the argument to the function. If no such work is necessary free_node must point to a function doing nothing.  

RETURN VALUE

tdelete() returns a pointer to the parent of the item deleted, or NULL if the item was not found.

tsearch(), tfind(), and tdelete() also return NULL if rootp was NULL on entry.  

CONFORMING TO

NOTES

twalk() uses postorder to mean "after the left subtree, but before the right subtree". Some authorities would call this "inorder", and reserve "postorder" to mean "after both subtrees".

tdelete() frees the memory required for the node in the tree. The user is responsible for freeing the memory for the corresponding data.

The example program depends on the fact that twalk() makes no further reference to a node after calling the user function with argument "endorder" or "leaf". This works with the GNU library implementation, but is not in the System V documentation.  

EXAMPLE

#define _GNU_SOURCE     /* Expose declaration of tdestroy() */
#include <search.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>

void *root = NULL;

void *
xmalloc(unsigned n)
{
    void *p;
    p = malloc(n);
    if (p)
        return p;
    fprintf(stderr, "insufficient memory\n");
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

int
compare(const void *pa, const void *pb)
{
    if (*(int *) pa < *(int *) pb)
        return -1;
    if (*(int *) pa > *(int *) pb)
        return 1;
    return 0;
}

void
action(const void *nodep, const VISIT which, const int depth)
{
    int *datap;

    switch (which) {
    case preorder:
        break;
    case postorder:
        datap = *(int **) nodep;
        printf("%6d\n", *datap);
        break;
    case endorder:
        break;
    case leaf:
        datap = *(int **) nodep;
        printf("%6d\n", *datap);
        break;
    }
}

int
main(void)
{
    int i, *ptr;
    void *val;

    srand(time(NULL));
    for (i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
        ptr = (int *) xmalloc(sizeof(int));
        *ptr = rand() & 0xff;
        val = tsearch((void *) ptr, &root, compare);
        if (val == NULL)
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        else if ((*(int **) val) != ptr)
            free(ptr);
    }
    twalk(root, action);
    tdestroy(root, free);
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

SEE ALSO

COLOPHON

Index

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

RETURN VALUE

CONFORMING TO

NOTES

EXAMPLE

SEE ALSO

COLOPHON